T27 Participial Phrases

Topic 27      Participial Phrases  (F2 | F4)

A phrase is a coherent string of words.  In participial phrases, the phrases are headed by either F2 / F4 to replace Relative clause / Adverbial clause. 

Forms of the verb

F1                F2                F3                F4

         amaze       amazing        amazed               amazed

         cook         cooking        cooked                cooked

I.  Present Participial Phrases / F2 phrases / V+ing phrases

A F2 phrase when replacing Relative clause / Adverbial clause is active in implication.  

A.  Relative Clause à F2 phrase

1.  [The gentleman] is our principal.  [He] is standing over there.

     [The gentleman] {[who] is standing over there} is our principal.

     [The gentleman] <standing over there> is our principal.

2.  [The lady] sells organic fruits and vegetables.

     [She] is Lucy’s aunt.

     [The lady] {[who] sells organic fruits and vegetables} is Lucy’s aunt.

     [The lady] <selling organic fruits and vegetables> is Lucy’s aunt.

3.  [The boy] plays the violin very well.

     [He] won the first prize of music competition at the national level.

     [The boy] {[who] won the first prize of music competition at the national level}   

      plays the violin very well.

     [The boy] <winning the first prize of music competition at the national level> plays

      the violin very well.

B.  Adverbial Clause ----- F2 phrase

For F2 to replace adverbial clause, you have to make sure that the subject of the main clause is the same as the adverbial clause.

1.  #When [Rowena] was walking down the stairs#, [she] tripped and fell.

     When [Rowena] was walking down the stairs à  adverbial clause

     [she] tripped and fell à  main clause

     <Walking down the stairs>, Rowena tripped and fell.

    

You may place F2 phrase at the beginning, at the end and right after the subject of the sentence.

    [Rowena] tripped and fell, <walking down the stairs>.

    [Rowena], <walking down the stairs>, tripped and fell.

2.  [Nina] fell asleep #when [she] was attending a meeting#.

     [Nina] fell asleep, <when attending a meeting>.

     <When attending a meeting>, [Nina] fell asleep.

     [Nina], <when attending a meeting>, fell asleep.                                        61

3.  #When [Samy] was fishing at the river near his house#,  [he] saw a big tree fall

     down suddenly.

     <Fishing at the river near his house>, [Samy] saw a big tree fall down suddenly.

     [Samy] saw a big tree fall down suddenly, <fishing at the river near his house>.

     [Samy], <fishing at the river near his house>, saw a big tree fall down suddenly.

II.  Past Participles / F4 phrases

When you use a F4 phrase to replace Relative Clause / Adverbial Clause, it is passive in implication.

A.  Relative Clause -----  F4 phrases

1.  [The children] cheered loudly.  [They] were amazed by the stunts of the acrobats.

     [The children] {who were amazed by the stunts of the acrobats} cheered loudly.

     [The children] <amazed by the stunts of the acrobats> cheered loudly.

2.  [The boy] was praised by the principal yesterday.  [He] is my cousin.

     [The boy] {[who] was praised by the principal yesterday} is my cousin.

     [The boy] <praised by the principal yesterday> is my cousin.

3.  [The man] was stopped by a policeman for speeding.  [He] was fined RM 100.

     [The man] {[who] was stopped by a policeman for speeding} was fined RM100.

     [The man] <stopped by a policeman for speeding> was fined RM100.

B.  Adverbial Clause à F4 phrases

1.  [The little boy] was scared by the sight of the clown.  [He] cried hysterically.

     #When [the little boy] was scared by the sight of the clown#,  [he] cried

     hysterically.

     [The little boy], <scared by the sight of the clown>, cried hysterically.

      <Scared by the sight of the clown>, [the little boy] cried hysterically.

      [The little boy] cried hysterically, <scared by the sight of the clown>.

2.  [Jurina] was annoyed by what John had said.  [She] left the room.

     When [Jurina] was annoyed by what John had said, [she] left the room.

     [Jurina], <annoyed by what John had said>, left the room.

     <Annoyed by what John had said>, Jurina left the room.

     Jurina left the room, <annoyed by what John had said>.

3.  [Hassan] was embarrassed to find out that [he] wore his shirt inside out. 

     [He] apologised and left the hall to change it back.

 #When [Hassan] was embarrassed to find out that [he] wore his shirt inside out#,

 [he] apologised and left the hall to change it back.

 <Embarrassed to find out that he wore his shirt inside out>,  [Hassan] apologised

  and left the hall to change it back.

 [Hassan] apologised and left the hall to change it back, <Embarrassed to find out

 that he wore his shirt inside out>

 [Hassan], <Embarrassed to find out that he wore his shirt inside out>, apologised 

 and left the hall to change it back.