Topic 22 Conjunctions
Conjunctions are
connectors that link words, phrases and clauses.
2 main types of
conjunctions
A. Co-ordinating Conjunctions
a)
Simple Coordinate
b)
Co-relative Coordinate
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions link up words, phrases or
clauses of equal importance.
a) Simple Coordinate
Coordinating conjunctions ----- “FANBOYS” ----- For/
And/ Nor/ But /Or / Yet /So link words,
phrases or clauses to form COMPOUND SENTENCES.
Examples:
noun noun
pronoun pronoun
verb verb
adjective adjective
adverb adverb
preposition phrase prepositional phrase
clauses clauses
1. [John and Mary] are brother
and sister. (noun)
2. [You and I] were late
yesterday. (pronoun)
3. Jean can dance and
sing well. (verb)
4. Tom is intelligent but lazy. (adjective)
5. She can have this shirt or that.
(phrase)
6. Leila didn’t attend the party, nor did Irene.
(clause)
7. Peter always drives slowly and carefully. (adverb)
8. We have to be attentive, for she won’t repeat the lesson. (clause)
9. Henry was sick, so he didn’t go to
school. (clause)
10. Fanny doesn’t earn much, yet she donates RM50 monthly. (clause)
b) Correlative Conjunctions
A correlative
conjunction works in pairs to connect elements in a sentence.
Correlative Conjunctions à
both …..and / not…….but / not only …….but also
either…..or / neither …. nor/
1. [Both
Ali and Ah Chong] enjoy fishing.
2. Tina was not hungry but starving.
3. Jack not
only speaks but also writes
Japanese well.
4. Doris may either take a bus or a taxi to the airport.
5. Paul has neither
time nor money to go travelling.
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating
conjunctions are used to introduce adverbial clauses . They are
dependent clauses and must rely on independent clause (main clause) for
the meaning. A subordinating conjunction
links the main clause and the subordinating clause. 49
as after/
before because although / though / even though
as far as as soon as in case that / so that / in order that
as long as where
/wherever when /
whenever while
whether since till / until if / as if / as though than
These subordinating conjunctions may function as in:
manner / place / time / degree /comparison / condition
/ contrast / purpose / reason / result
1. manner
----- as / as if / as though
[Shelley] performed very well in
the examinations as [her other siblings] did.
[He] talks as if
[he] won (a lottery ticket).
Leila walks as though
she were late for school.
2. place ----- where / wherever
You may sit where
you feel comfortable.
They always go shopping wherever there are sales.
3. time ----- as soon as/
before / after /till / until /when /whenever / while
[Wendy] waited until [her parents] returned home from work.
4. comparison
----- as…….as / not so…….as /than
Alice
runs as fast as Cecilia does.
Ali walked faster than Hassan did.
Maria cannot eat so much as her brother can.
5. condition
----- if / provided that / unless / on condition that
If [you] come
early, [you] will get the front seat.
[She] will lend (you) (her
calculator) provided that [you] take (good care of it).
[I] can’t ask for (leave) unless [I] can give (a valid reason).
[Jack’s
mother] allows (him) to go out at night on condition that [he]
comes home
early.
6. contrast
----- though / although / even
though / even if
Though he is rich, he is thrifty.
Nora’s grandfather still works on the farm
although he is very old already.
George doesn’t spend time watching
television even though he has time to do so.
7. Purpose
----- so that / in order that
He gets up early so that he can have
breakfast at home.
Rowena goes for basketball practice every
afternoon in order that she can play well
in the competition.
8. Reason and cause -----
as / because / since
George missed the bus because / as he got
up late.
Since Lawrence did not have enough money to buy a
cake, he made one.
9. Result
----- so……..that / such ……that
Henry was so hungry that he ate 2 bowls of
rice at one go.
Helen was such a quiet person that nobody
seemed to notice her presence
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